Sodium-sulfur battery

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Cut-away schematic diagram of a Sodium-Sulfur battery. (image courtesy NASA John Glenn Research Center).
A sodium-sulfur battery is a type of battery constructed from sodium (Na) and sulfur (S). This type of battery has a high energy density, high efficiency of charge/discharge (8992%) and long cycle life, and is fabricated from inexpensive materials. Because, however, of the operating temperatures of 300 to 350 鐧� and the highly corrosive nature of the sodium polysulfides, such cells are primarily suitable for large-scale non-mobile applications such as grid energy storage.
Contents
1 Construction
2 Operation
3 Safety aspects
4 NaS Battery Development in Japan
5 Applications
5.1 Space Applications
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
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Construction
The cell is usually made in a tall cylindrical configuration. The entire cell is enclosed by a steel casing that is protected, usually by chromium and molybdenum, from corrosion on the inside. This outside container serves as the positive electrode, while the liquid sodium serves as the negative electrode. The container is sealed at the top with an airtight alumina lid. An essential part of the cell is the presence of a BASE (beta-alumina sodium ion exchange) membrane, which selectively conducts Na+. The cell becomes more economical with increasing size. In commercial applications the cells are arranged in blocks for better conservation of heat and are encased in a vacuum-insulated box.
Operation
During the discharge phase, molten elemental sodium at the core serves as the anode, meaning that the Na donates electrons to the external circuit. The sodium is separated by a beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) cylinder from the container of sulfur, which is fabricated from an inert metal serving as the cathode. The sulfur is absorbed in a carbon sponge. BASE is a good conductor of sodium ions, but a poor conductor of electrons, so avoids self-discharge. When sodium gives off an electron, the Na+ ion migrates to the sulfur container. The electron drives an electric current through the molten sodium to the contact, through the electrical load and back to the sulfur container. Here, another electron reacts with sulfur to form Sn2?, sodium polysulfide. The discharge process can be represented as follows:
2 Na + 4 S ? Na2S4 Ecell ~ 2 V
As the cell discharges, the sodium level drops. During the charging phase the reverse process takes place. Once running, the heat produced by charging and discharging cycles is sufficient to maintain operating temperatures and usually no external source is required.[1]
Safety aspects
Pure sodium presents a hazard because it spontaneously burns/explodes in contact with water, thus the system must be protected from moisture. In modern NaS cells, sealing techniques make fires unlikely.
NaS Battery Development in Japan
NaS Battery was one of the four battery types selected as candidates for intensive research by MITI as part of the "Moonlight Project" in 1980. This project sought to develop a durable utility power storage device meeting the criteria shown below in a 10-year project.1. 1,000kW class
2. 8 hour charging / 8 hour discharge at rated load
3. Efficiency of 70% or better
4. Lifetime of 1,500 cycles or better
The other three types of batteries were; improved lead-acid, Redox flow (Vanadium type), and Zinc Bromide batteries.
TEPCO(Tokyo Electric Power Co.)/NGK(NGK Insulators Ltd.) consortium declared their interest in researching the NaS battery in 1983, and have become the primary drivers behind the development of this type ever since. TEPCO chose the NAS battery because all its component elements (Sodium, Sulphur, Ceramics) can be abundantly found in Japan. First large-scale prototype field testing took place at TEPCO's Tsunashima substation between 1993 and 1996, using 3 x 2MW, 6.6kV battery banks. Based on the findings from this trial, improved battery modules were developed and were made commercially available in 2000. The performance of the commercial NAS battery bank is as follows:1. Capacity : 25 - 250 kW per bank
2. Efficiency of 87%
3. Lifetime of 2,500 cycles (at 100% DOD - depth of discharge), or 4,500 cycles (at 80% DOD)
[1] (Source in Japanese)
As of 2008, sodium-sulfur batteries are only manufactured by one group, the NGK/TEPCO consortium, which is producing 90MW of storage capacity each year. [2]
There is currently a demonstration project using NGK Insulators NAS battery at Japan Wind Development Co.鎶� Miura Wind Park in Japan.[3]
Japan Wind Development has opened a 51 MW wind farm that incorporates a 34 MW sodium sulfur battery system at Futamata in Aomori Prefecture in May 2008. [2] [2]
There are already 165MW of installed capacity base in Japan alone as of 2007, and NGK has...(and so on)

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